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Political Sciences & International Relations
Political Sciences & International Relations
Introduction
The negotiations that culminated in the signing of the Juba Peace Agreement (JPA) between Sudanese rebel groups and the Transitional Government of Sudan (TGoS) took place within the broader context of a political transformation in Sudan. The close ties between Sudan and South Sudan, as well as the effectiveness of the South Sudan Mediation Committee (SSMC), must be understood against the backdrop of these shifting political dynamics.
On April 11, 2019, Sudan’s three-decade-long autocratic regime under President Omer Hassan Al-Bashir was overthrown following a popular uprising. This movement, supported by pressure from the
regime’s security committee and fellow military officers, forced Al-Bashir to step down (Zunes, 2021, p. 2). However, the removal of the president did not resolve the underlying power struggles.
The military initially installed Al-Bashir’s Defense Minister, Awad Mohamed Ahmed Ibn Auf, as leader. He was soon replaced by General Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Al-Burhan, the Military
Inspectorate Department head, who assumed the chairmanship of the Transitional Military Council (TMC). However, these transitions were met with widespread resistance from protestors
who occupied streets in major cities, including Khartoum, and the Army Headquarters at Giyada[4]
The Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC)—a coalition of political parties, civil society organizations, and armed movements established in 2018 to spearhead Al-Bashir’s removal—also rejected these military-led changes, describing them as mere extensions of the previous regime. Confrontations between civilians and military forces ensued, marked by human rights violations and fatalities.
On June 3, 2019, security forces attacked peaceful protestors at Giyada, resulting in significant loss of life (Fricke et al., 2020;
Zunes, 2021, p. 16).
